Fire protection refers to all measures that prevent the formation and spread of a fire (fire and smoke) and, in the event of an emergency, enable the rescue of people and effective extinguishing operations.
There is a distinction between reactive fire protection, which covers all the measures that are initiated when a fire has occurred, and preventive fire protection, which covers all the measures that are taken to prevent a fire from ever occurring.
In preventive fire protection, a further distinction is made between structural, technical and organisational fire protection.
Preventive fire protection is regulated in various ways by building regulations, regulations on escape routes, numerous DIN standards (including DIN EN 13501, DIN EN 1992-1-2, DIN EN 1993-1-2, DIN EN 1995-1-2 and DIN 18230 for structural fire protection), and other regulations.
Fire protection is therefore a complex field. Especially in new buildings, it may be necessary to appoint a fire protection inspector who prepares a fire protection report before the building supervision authority approves the construction. Fire protection and building regulations are matters of state law in Germany, so the regulations can certainly differ in detail.
There is a large degree of discretion in assessing preventive fire protection measures. This is less due to insufficient laws than to the fact that the measures in the field of fire protection must be individually planned for each individual building. The relevant expertise is provided by the assessors and qualified fire protection assessments.
Structural fire protection includes all direct structural measures that are taken during the construction of a building in order to efficiently prevent fires or their rapid spread if a fire does occur.
On the one hand, the use of flame-retardant or non-combustible building materials should be considered. All building materials are categorised into different fire classes in a DIN standard. Structural fire protection measures also include the installation of fire barriers in the building insulation to prevent the fire from spreading to the storey above, for example, or the erection of firewalls.
As the name suggests, system-based fire protection includes all technical installations and systems in a building that serve to prevent fires. These can be systems that detect fires and/or smoke and emit an alarm in the event of a fire (e.g. smoke detectors), but also systems with an extinguishing function. These include sprinkler systems, for example, but of course also fire extinguishers or smoke extraction systems. There is also equipment that can support the work of the fire brigade in the event of a fire. Examples include fire service lifts.
Organizational fire protection refers to all measures that are not of an engineering or structural nature and that meaningfully complement these measures. These include primarily maintenance and repair activities, such as the proper and regular inspection and maintenance of fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, etc. However, the installation of posters with emergency measures, fire safety regulations, the marking of escape routes and emergency exits, etc., also falls under organizational fire protection.
These are activities that ensure that all structural and technological fire protection measures function in an emergency and that affected people are informed about how to deal with them and how to behave in general in the event of a fire (e.g., calling the fire department, gathering at a collection point, etc.). This can include, in addition to information sheets and signs, training for staff.
However, the organisational part of fire protection can also include involving external personnel in order to actively prevent fires. This can be a fire guard who is trained to recognise fire hazards and initiate the right measures immediately in an emergency. In some companies, a fire watch can also be used to monitor work that is a fire hazard or where controlled work with fire is carried out (e.g. welding work, work on gas pipes or in the engine rooms of ships).
A comprehensive fire protection concept therefore includes not only proper structural and technical fire protection, but also extensive organisational fire protection. This includes the appointment of a fire safety officer. This fire safety officer takes care of all matters relating to fire safety in the company (ensuring that escape and rescue routes are clear, that the fire alarm system is properly maintained, etc.). Fire safety assistants should also be appointed. Fire safety assistants take on predetermined tasks in the event of a fire breaking out.
Defence fire protection naturally primarily comprises the tasks of the fire brigade, i.e. everything that is done by the emergency services when a fire has broken out: rescue, recovery, extinguishing and protection. In addition to the primary goal of saving lives and extinguishing the fire, defensive fire protection is also about minimising the damage caused by a fire. Smoke and extinguishing water often damage things that are spared by the fire itself to such an extent that they have to be disposed of later.
In large buildings with a comprehensive fire protection system, the ventilation switches off automatically as soon as smoke is „detected“ by the smoke sensors. Fire dampers and smoke control doors close. This should normally ensure that smoke cannot spread any further in the building. In rare cases, smoke curtains are also used, which do not hinder escape from the building.
The fire behaviour of building materials is of great importance for fire protection. For this reason, different requirements apply to the fire behaviour of building materials depending on the building class. The building material classes are regulated in DIN standards 4102-1 and DIN EN 13501-1. However, the best building material is of no use if the processing of the components among each other is not clean and, for example, fire barriers, which ensure clearly demarcated fire compartments in the building, are not properly installed. Therefore, when planning the construction, in addition to the correct building materials, components, fire walls etc., attention must always be paid to the careful implementation of the plans for structural fire protection. In addition, the importance of organisational fire protection should never be underestimated. Only if fire protection systems, extinguishing systems and fire extinguishers are properly maintained and their operation is clear to everyone will a safety concept actually be of any use.
Yes! Site security fire safety officers, also known as fire safety assistants, are mandatory in the company. To this end, fire safety assistants must complete a training course so that they can fulfil their tasks competently. Of course, they not only need to know how to operate fire extinguishers, but also where the escape routes are and how to escape or evacuate from a burning building without panic if possible. The demands placed on fire safety assistants and their responsibilities are therefore anything but low. If there is a normal fire risk in the respective company, 5 % of the workforce must be trained as fire safety assistants, and even more if there is a high fire risk.
By the way: The Paffen Security service also provides Fire guards and fire posts for work involving a fire hazard.
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